Speech also poses difficult structural problems.
Moreover, the ethical problems in recording and making public what was produced in a private setting and intended for a limited audience are more frequently encountered in dealing with spoken texts than with written ones. A speech transcript must therefore include some contextual features determining which are relevant is not always simple. The production and comprehension of speech are intimately bound up with the situation in which speech occurs, far more so than is the case for written texts. Even in the same field, the interests and theoretical perspectives of different transcribers may lead them to prefer different levels of detail in the transcript and different styles of visual display. Spoken material may be transcribed in the course of linguistic, acoustic, anthropological, psychological, ethnographic, journalistic, or many other types of research. The audibility of speech recorded in natural communication situations is often less than perfect, affecting the accuracy of the transcription. Speech varies according to a large number of dimensions, many of which have no counterpart in writing (for example, tempo, loudness, pitch, etc.). 33 This reflects the special difficulties which apply to the encoding or transcription of speech. There is great variation in the ways different researchers have chosen to represent speech using the written medium. TEI: General Considerations and Overview ¶ 8.1 General Considerations and Overview
Finally, section 8.4 Elements Defined Elsewhere of this chapter reviews further problems specific to the encoding of spoken language, demonstrating how mechanisms and elements discussed elsewhere in these Guidelines may be applied to them. Section 8.3 Elements Unique to Spoken Texts describes the basic structural elements provided by this module. Section 8.2 Documenting the Source of Transcribed Speech documents some additional TEI header elements which may be used to document the recording or other source from which transcribed text is taken. This chapter begins with a discussion of some of the problems commonly encountered in transcribing spoken language (section 8.1 General Considerations and Overview). Speech regarded as a purely acoustic phenomenon may well require different methods from those outlined here, as may speech regarded solely as a process of social interaction. It should be stressed, however, that the present proposals are not intended to support unmodified every variety of research undertaken upon spoken material now or in the future some discourse analysts, some phonologists, and doubtless others may wish to extend the scheme presented here to express more precisely the set of distinctions they wish to draw in their transcriptions. The module described in this chapter is intended for use with a wide variety of transcribed spoken material.
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